Vegetation Measurements From Digital Astronaut Photography

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

Astronaut photography of cities collected during Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle, Mir, and International Space Station missions provides a useful dataset for urban analysis that complements the satellite data archive. Recent astronaut photography acquired with digital cameras is now approaching the ground resolutions of commercial satellites such as IKONOS (i.e. less than 6 m/pixel). Astronaut photographs are a relevant source of data for urban analyses, particularly for studies that do not have the resources to purchase commercial-quality data. The CCD image sensors in the cameras currently used for astronaut photography are sensitive to the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, but infrared signal is filtered out above 700 μm. As such, the digital camera data contain less information on actively synthesizing vegetation than they would with an infrared signal included. We present an analysis of aboveground biomass (i.e. actively photosynthesizing vegetation) derived from astronaut photography of the Paris, France metropolitan area acquired on April 24, 2002 using a Kodak DCS 760C electronic still camera aboard the International Space Station. The accuracy of biomass estimation obtained from the digital camera data is demonstrated by comparison with Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer visible to near infrared data for Paris acquired on April 8, 2002. Correlations of bands between the two instruments allow interpretation of the identified vegetation and soil classes. Collection of astronaut photography over global urban centers is ongoing and planned for future orbital missions, and will be a useful addition to ongoing studies of urban ecosystem change, sustainability, and resilience.

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Verification of pointing and antenna pattern knowledge of Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES)

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

The Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) observes 03 and other minor chemical species in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Limb observation of SMILES is sensitive to the quality of the tangent altitude retrieval. To obtain better retrieval result, knowledge of initial tangent height and antenna pattern should be as precise and accurate as possible. It was concluded that initial tangent height is calculated by using ISS attitude and mirror pointing angle, and ISS position. Antenna pattern assuming 6 points moving average was applied to the retrieval and showed reasonable results.

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The spectral reflectance of ship wakes between 400 and 900 nanometers

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

This technical note describes the use of an airborne hyperspectral imaging sensor (HICO – Hyperspectral Imager of the Coastal Ocean) to record the spectral reflectance characteristics of centerline ship wakes in the 400 to 900 nm wavelength region. Data were collected for a target of known provenance (the United States Coast Guard Cutter Kittiwake) off the Wai'anae coast of O'ahu, Hawai'i, on 8 April 2010. HICO acquired data in 60 spectral bands by flying along the long axis of the wake while the vessel travelled at three speeds (~3.6 m s<sup>-1</sup> or 7 knots; ~7.2 m s<sup>-1</sup> or 14 knots; and ~11.2 m s<sup>-1</sup> or 21 knots). A flying altitude of ~1500 m yielded a spatial resolution of ~1.5 m. Spectral profiles along and across the wake axes are presented which show how the spectral reflectance of the centerline wake varies spatially and temporally as a function of vessel speed. Length (and to a lesser extent, width) vary in proportion to speed. In common with previous studies and model predictions, the wakes show a pronounced greening of the wake (i.e. enhanced reflectance at ~550 nm), with evidence for elevated reflectance at 750-800 nm. Resampling the data from its raw 1.5 m spatial resolution yields insights into how the turbulent wake becomes spectrally inseparable from the background water as spatial resolution decreases (i.e. becomes increasingly coarse). Using a simple statistical test, the wake becomes spectrally similar to the background ocean as the resolution approaches 60 m.

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Gas Slit Camera (GSC) onboard MAXI on ISS

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

The Gas Slit Camera (GSC) is an X-ray instrument on the MAXI (Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image) mission on the International Space Station. It is designed to scan the entire sky every 92-minute orbital period in the 2–30 keV band and to achieve the highest sensitivity among the X-ray all-sky monitors ever flown so far. The GSC employs large-area position-sensitive proportional counters with the total detector area of 5350 cm$^2$. The on-board data processor has functions to format telemetry data as well as to control the high voltage of the proportional counters to protect them from the particle irradiation. The paper describes the instruments, on-board data processing, telemetry data formats, and performance specifications expected from the ground calibration tests.

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Discovery of a Cyclotron Resonance Feature in the X-ray Spectrum of GX 304-1 with RXTE and Suzaku during Outbursts Detected by MAXI in 2010

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

We report the discovery of a cyclotron resonance scattering feature (CRSF) in the X-ray spectrum of GX 304-1, obtained by RXTE and Suzaku during major outbursts detected by MAXI in 2010. The peak intensity in August reached 600 mCrab in the 2-20 keV band, which is the highest ever observed from this source. The RXTE observations on more than twenty occasions and one Suzaku observation revealed a spectral absorption feature at around 54 keV, which is the first CRSF detection from this source. The estimated strength of surface magnetic field, 4.7×1012 G, is one of the highest among binary X-ray pulsars from which CRSFs have ever been detected. The RXTE spectra taken during the August outburst also suggest that the CRSF energy changed over 50-54 keV, possibly in a positive correlation with the X-ray flux. The behavior is qualitatively similar to that observed from Her X-1 on long time scales, or from A 0535+26, but different from the negative correlation observed from 4U 0115+63 and X 0331+53.

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Calving and ice-shelf break-up processes investigated by proxy: Antarctic tabular iceberg evolution during northward drift

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

Using a combination of satellite sensors, field measurements and satellite-uplinked in situ observing stations, we examine the evolution of several large icebergs drifting east of the Antarctic Peninsula towards South Georgia Island. Three styles of calving are observed during drift: 'rift calvings', 'edge wasting' and 'rapid disintegration'. Rift calvings exploit large pre-existing fractures generated in the shelf environment and can occur at any stage of drift. Edge wasting is calving of the iceberg perimeter by numerous small edge-parallel, sliver-shaped icebergs, preserving the general shape of the main iceberg as it shrinks. This process is observed only in areas north of the sea-ice edge. Rapid disintegration, where numerous small calvings occur in rapid succession, is consistently associated with indications of surface melt saturation (surface lakes, firn-pit ponding). Freeboard measurements by ICESat indicate substantial increases in ice-thinning rates north of the sea-ice edge (from <10ma−1 to >30ma−1), but surface densification is shown to be an important correction (>2m freeboard loss before the firn saturates). Edge wasting of icebergs in 'warm' surface water (sea-ice-free, >−1.8 °C) implies a mechanism based on waterline erosion. Rapid disintegration ('Larsen B-style' break-up) is likely due to the effects of surface or saturated-firn water acting on pre-existing crevasses, or on wave- or tidally induced fractures. Changes in microwave backscatter of iceberg firn as icebergs drift into warmer climate and experience increased surface melt suggest a means of predicting when floating ice plates are evolving towards disintegration.

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Operational retrieval algorithms for JEM/SMILES level 2 data processing system

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

To measure the thermal emission from stratospheric minor species with high sensitivity, the Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) aboard the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS) carries 4 K cooled Superconductor–Insulator–Superconductor (SIS) mixers. The major feature of the SMILES is its high-sensitive measurement ability with low system noise temperature less than 700 K. As a part of the ground system for the SMILES, a level 2 data processing system (DPS-L2) has been developed. It retrieves the density distributions of the target species from calibrated spectra in near-real-time. The retrieval process consists of two parts: the forward model, which computes radiative transfer, and the inverse model, which deduces atmospheric states. Since the forward model must provide the most accurate basis for results and be implemented under limited computing resources, the forward model algorithm for an operational system has to be accurate and fast. Hence, the algorithm is improved (1) by designing accurate instrument functions such as the instrumental field of view (FOV), sideband rejection ratio of sideband separator, and spectral responses of acousto-optic spectrometer (AOS) and (2) by optimizing radiative transfer calculation. This paper presents the development of the DPS-L2 along with the details on its algorithm and the algorithm performance. The accuracy of this algorithm is better than 1%, and the processing time for single-scan spectra is less than 1 min with eight parallel processings using a 3.16-GHz Quad-Core Intel Xeon processor. Thus, this algorithm is suitable for the SMILES measurement.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022407309002167

Capability for ozone high-precision retrieval on JEM/SMILES observation

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

We estimate the capability of ozone (O3) retrieval with the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) instrument attached to the Exposed Facility of the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on the International Space Station (ISS). SMILES carries a 4-K mechanical refrigerator to cool superconducting devices in space. Since SMILES has high sensitivity thanks to the superconducting receiver, it is expected that SMILES has ability to retrieve O3 profiles more precisely than the previous millimeter–submillimeter limb measurements from satellites. We examine the random error and the systematic error of O3 vertical profiles based on the launch-ready retrieval algorithm developed for SMILES. The best random error with single-scan spectra is 0.4% at an altitude of 30 km with 3 km vertical resolution in the mid-latitudes. The random error is better than 5% in the altitude region from 15 to 70 km in the nighttime and from 15 to 55 km in the daytime with 3 km vertical resolution in the mid-latitudes. By averaging ten profiles, the random error is improved to 1% at 70 km altitude in the nighttime and to 5% in the daytime. Using SMILES, we expect to determine the diurnal variation of O3 vertical profiles with high precision in the upper stratosphere. Finally, the retrieval capability of O3 in the lower stratosphere is estimated. When retrieving spectral data using two receiver bands (624.32–626.32 GHz and 649.12–650.32 GHz) the random error above 13 km in the mid-latitudes and above 15 km in the tropics is expected to be better than 5% under clear sky conditions.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117711003127

The Solar Irradiance Spectrum at Solar Activity Minimum Between Solar Cycles 23 and 24

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

On 7 February 2008, the SOLAR payload was placed onboard the International Space Station. It is composed of three instruments, two spectrometers and a radiometer. The two spectrometers allow us to cover the 16 – 2900 nm spectral range. In this article, we first briefly present the instrumentation, its calibration and its performance in orbit. Second, the solar spectrum measured during the transition between Solar Cycles 23 to 24 at the time of the minimum is shown and compared with other data sets. Its accuracy is estimated as a function of wavelength and the solar atmosphere brightness-temperature is calculated and compared with those derived from two theoretical models.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-013-0461-y
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11207-013-0461-y

SOLAR/SOLSPEC: Scientific Objectives, Instrument Performance and Its Absolute Calibration Using a Blackbody as Primary Standard Source

by on 9 June 2015in Earth Science and Remote Sensing No comment

SOLAR is a set of three solar instruments measuring the total and spectral absolute irradiance from 16 nm to 3080 nm for solar, atmospheric and climatology physics. It is an external payload for the COLUMBUS laboratory launched on 7 February 2008. The mission’s primary objective is the measurement of the solar irradiance with the highest possible accuracy, and its variability using the following instruments: SOL-ACES (SOLar Auto-Calibrating EUV/UV Spectrophotometers) consists of four grazing incidence planar gratings measuring from 16 nm to 220 nm; SOLSPEC (SOLar SPECtrum) consists of three double gratings spectrometers, covering the range 165 nm to 3080 nm; and SOVIM (SOlar Variability Irradiance Monitor) is combining two types of absolute radiometers and three-channel filter – radiometers. SOLSPEC and SOL-ACES have been calibrated by primary standard radiation sources of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). Below we describe SOLSPEC, and its performance.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-009-9361-6